Docker常用基础命令

2023-05-16

1、docker version 查看版本信息

2、docker info 查看docker的一些信息

3、docker search 镜像搜索

4、docker pull 拉取镜像到本地

5、docker push 推送本地的镜像到镜像仓库

6、docker tag 修改镜像标签

7、docker run 启动镜像

8、docker logs 查看容器日志

9、docker ps 查看正在运行的容器

10、docker exec 进入到正在运行的容器、

11、docker cp 拷贝

11.1 把宿主机文件拷贝到容器中

11.2 把容器中的文件拷贝到宿主机

12、docker rmi 删除本地镜像

13、docker rm 删除容器

14、docker stop 停止容器

15、docker start 重新启动容器

16、docker history 查看镜像更改记录

17、docker commit 从容器创建一个新的镜像

18、docker images 列出镜像

19、docker save 保存镜像

20、docker load上传保存后的镜像

1、docker version 查看版本信息

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community            ## 客户端版本
 Version:           20.10.14
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.16.15               ## docker使用go语言开发
 Git commit:        a224086
 Built:             Thu Mar 24 01:49:57 2022
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64            ## 系统架构
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community          ## 服务端版本
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.15
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.13.15
  Git commit:       99e3ed8919
  Built:            Sat Jan 30 03:16:33 2021
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:                          ## containerd版本
  Version:          1.5.11
  GitCommit:        3df54a852345ae127d1fa3092b95168e4a88e2f8
 runc:                               ## docker引擎
  Version:          1.0.3
  GitCommit:        v1.0.3-0-gf46b6ba
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683

2、docker info 查看docker的一些信息

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker info 
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false           ## 可以查看docker有没有开启debug
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Docker Buildx (Docker Inc., v0.8.1-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.17.0)

Server:
 Containers: 11     # 这台宿主机运行了多少个容器
  Running: 4        # 运行中的容器
  Paused: 0  
  Stopped: 7        # 停止的容器
 Images: 8          # 镜像的数量
 Server Version: 19.03.15
 Storage Driver: overlay2       # 存储的驱动 aufs、overlay、brtfs
  Backing Filesystem: xfs       # 
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file 
      
 ## 日志的存储类型，json-file日志会存在本地
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cd /var/lib/docker
[root@k8s-master01 docker]# ls
builder  buildkit  containers  image  network  overlay2  plugins  runtimes  swarm  tmp  trust  volumes
[root@k8s-master01 docker]# cd containers/
[root@k8s-master01 containers]# ls
087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1  658a74e5b2ed0f8beac6d5854a94ab3a8cef9fa5df7eecded31a4f47e403d834
0aa9faa8f0ff0aed93cf44989b9bcdb93fdec6b21103d96e5d31e3db405f96d8  b035503ff239804c1ee1ccaf751dd56838017ac8502d5a888ef136a6bad3b8c0
0fd052f2faf065ee8871e52e3015292f4ffcce8b26655cd181a6c2d6dd7ba3e4  b4b98e10a629dff5ad2dc17a2f9128319b39b7e04537170c074d5446c574c76e
1196086f0f7e612dcf5f257a21e92872c63ce9a1c90fdf3fe886c93e123997fe  d203af1bf681f58f80609804dea3eba743be390fb4b291373a633af559677d5a
582362b59be13204de82e3030ed654ed14c53b050b21424941ec62d7a13064f8  db76c3b54116bba9fff76a1730fe6ba63c85d05631b70f65a3d14dcebcd9a942
5acceb3a8f22942058d18643f0f5b16da2c8aada58439e009150bb4504cf70c0
[root@k8s-master01 containers]# cd 087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1/
[root@k8s-master01 087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1]# ls
087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1-json.log  checkpoints  config.v2.json  hostconfig.json  mounts
[root@k8s-master01 087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1]# tail -f 087b8d2d0bd512e319fbb13f1b7f508e8a5c57260260bbab0ce1cf0ecb8959d1-json.log
  ## docker容器进行重启之后，日志就会被清空。以最干净的方式运行
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
  #  Logging Driver可以更改成以上项。
 Swarm: inactive     # inactive没有启动，active启动
 Runtimes: runc      # 用来运行容器的一个标准，docker给予runc来创建的。
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 3df54a852345ae127d1fa3092b95168e4a88e2f8
 runc version: v1.0.3-0-gf46b6ba
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2
 Total Memory: 1.781GiB
 Name: k8s-master01
 ID: A7ZM:BAK2:OBV7:O62Z:USHJ:LQGH:FFPC:IZ4M:WIHF:572R:5UT6:OIRX
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 ## 此路径可以修改，生产环境的最好挂一块ssd盘，单独存储。最次也要使用单独的磁盘进行挂载，不可以和宿主机公用，会把根分区、系统分区干满
 
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/   ## 镜像仓库地址，如果自己有镜像仓库，可以更改
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false

3、docker search 镜像搜索

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker search centos      ## OFFICIAL为ok是指官方的镜像
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
centos                            The official build of CentOS.                   7111      [OK]       
centos/systemd                    systemd enabled base container.                 108                  [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   93                   
centos/postgresql-96-centos7      PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   45                   
centos/httpd-24-centos7           Platform for running Apache httpd 2.4 or bui…   44                   
centos/python-35-centos7          Platform for building and running Python 3.5…   39                   
centos/php-56-centos7             Platform for building and running PHP 5.6 ap…   34                   
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   22                   
centos/postgresql-10-centos7      PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   19                   
kasmweb/centos-7-desktop          CentOS 7 desktop for Kasm Workspaces            18                   
centos/nginx-112-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   16                   
centos/nginx-18-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   13                   
centos/mariadb-101-centos7        MariaDB 10.1 SQL database server                13                   
centos/mongodb-36-centos7         MongoDB NoSQL database server                   8                    
centos/redis-32-centos7           Redis in-memory data structure store, used a…   6                    
centos/mariadb-102-centos7        MariaDB 10.2 SQL database server                6                    
centos/mongodb-34-centos7         MongoDB NoSQL database server                   3                    
centos/ruby-25-centos7            Platform for building and running Ruby 2.5 a…   3                    
continuumio/centos5_gcc5_base                                                     3                    
kasmweb/core-centos-7             CentOS 7 base image for Kasm Workspaces         2                    
ibmcom/fhe-toolkit-centos-amd64   The IBM Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) T…   0                    
ibmcom/fhe-toolkit-centos         The IBM Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) T…   0                    
bitnami/centos-extras-base                                                        0                    
bitnami/centos-base-buildpack     Centos base compilation image                   0                    [OK]
datadog/centos-i386                                                               0

4、docker pull 拉取镜像到本地

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker pull alpine:latest
latest: Pulling from library/alpine
df9b9388f04a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:4edbd2beb5f78b1014028f4fbb99f3237d9561100b6881aabbf5acce2c4f9454
Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:latest
docker.io/library/alpine:latest


# 如果本地有此镜像，就不会重复拉取

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                                TAG             IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
alpine                                                    latest          0ac33e5f5afa   2 weeks ago     5.57MB

5、docker push 推送本地的镜像到镜像仓库

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                       TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
dotbalo/coredns                                  1.3.1     eb516548c180   3 years ago    40.3MB
k8s.gcr.io/coredns                               1.3.1     eb516548c180   3 years ago    40.3MB
#推送前需要登录到docker的镜像仓库，也可以docker login xxx.com 登录指定的镜像仓库，例如阿里等。
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker login
Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don't have a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one.
Username: dotbalo
Password: 

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker push dotbalo/coredns:1.3.1
The push refers to repository [docker.io/dotbalo/coredns]
c6a5fc8a3f01: Preparing 
fb61a074724d: Preparing

6、docker tag 修改镜像标签

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                       TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
k8s.gcr.io/coredns                               1.3.1     eb516548c180   3 years ago    40.3MB
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker tag k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.3.1 dotbalo/coredns:1.3.1
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                       TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
dotbalo/coredns                                  1.3.1     eb516548c180   3 years ago    40.3MB
k8s.gcr.io/coredns                               1.3.1     eb516548c180   3 years ago    40.3MB

7、docker run 启动镜像

docker run -i -t <IMAGE_ID> /bin/bash：-i：标准输入给容器   
-t：分配一个虚拟终端    /bin/bash：执行bash脚本
-i：交互式运行
-d：以守护进程方式运行（后台）
-P：默认匹配docker容器的5000端口号到宿主机的49153 to 65535端口
-p <HOT_PORT>:<CONTAINER_PORT>：指定端口号
- -name： 指定容器的名称
- -rm：退出时删除容器

示例：前台启动

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
alpine       latest    0ac33e5f5afa   3 weeks ago    5.57MB
centos       8         5d0da3dc9764   7 months ago   231MB
[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker run -it centos:8 /bin/bash
[root@c9293d01a5b5 /]#

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
alpine       latest    0ac33e5f5afa   3 weeks ago    5.57MB
centos       8         5d0da3dc9764   7 months ago   231MB
nginx        1.14.2    295c7be07902   3 years ago    109MB
####  前台启动nginx，并将容器的12345端口映射到宿主机的80端口上。
[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker run -ti -p 12345:80 nginx:1.14.2
111.197.249.16 - - [29/Apr/2022:03:35:01 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/100.0.4896.127 Safari/537.
36" "-"2022/04/29 03:35:01 [error] 6#6: *1 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/favicon.ico" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 111.197.249.16, server: localhost, request: "GET /favicon.ico HTT
P/1.1", host: "120.48.23.240:12345", referrer: "http://120.48.23.240:12345/"111.197.249.16 - - [29/Apr/2022:03:35:01 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 571 "http://120.48.23.240:12345/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gec
ko) Chrome/100.0.4896.127 Safari/537.36" "-"
## 页面访问：120.48.23.240:12345

示例：后台启动

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
alpine       latest    0ac33e5f5afa   3 weeks ago    5.57MB
centos       8         5d0da3dc9764   7 months ago   231MB

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker run -d centos:8 /bin/bash
4b103bbe802702f6f6a948a844229d129a37b3a1e804c799ca67018593715520
[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
4b103bbe8027   centos:8       "/bin/bash"   6 seconds ago        Exited (0) 5 seconds ago              lucid_moore

8、docker logs 查看容器日志

格式：

docker logs <CONTAINER_ID>  : 输出容器日志
-f：实时输出

示例：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9a813ef53b4e   centos:8   "/bin/bash"   4 seconds ago   Up 4 seconds             admiring_tharp

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker logs -f 9a813ef53b4e

9、docker ps 查看正在运行的容器

docker ps：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9a813ef53b4e   centos:8   "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago   Up 8 minutes             admiring_thar

docker ps -l 显示最后启动的容器：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE      COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
9a813ef53b4e   centos:8   "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago   Up 8 minutes             admiring_tharp

docker ps -a 同时显示停止的容器，默认只显示启动状态：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
9a813ef53b4e   centos:8       "/bin/bash"   9 minutes ago    Up 9 minutes                          admiring_tharp
4b103bbe8027   centos:8       "/bin/bash"   20 minutes ago   Exited (0) 20 minutes ago             lucid_moore
291fd0d9413f   nginx:1.14.2   "sh"          22 minutes ago   Exited (0) 20 minutes ago             vigorous_kirch
c9293d01a5b5   centos:8       "/bin/bash"   24 minutes ago   Exited (0) 24 minutes ago             eager_ellis

docker ps -q 查看正在运行容器的ID：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps -q
9a813ef53b4e

docker ps -aq 查看所有容器的ID，包括停止和正在运行的：

[root@ls_rflrhksm ~]# docker ps -aq
9a813ef53b4e
4b103bbe8027
291fd0d9413f
c9293d01a5b5