我正在尝试使用 Scrapy 抓取页面“https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes”。
我运行这个命令
scrapy shell 'https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes'
and got
调试：已爬网 (400) https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes>（参考：无）
我想我遇到了某种反抓取。我如何知道该网站正在使用哪些技术？
这是完整的日志记录
(base) $ scrapy shell 'https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes'
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 2.1.0 started (bot: scrapybot)
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.5.1.0, libxml2 2.9.10, cssselect 1.1.0, parsel 1.6.0, w3lib 1.22.0, Twisted 20.3.0, Python 3.7.7 (default, May 6 2020, 04:59:01) - [Clang 4.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_401/final)], pyOpenSSL 19.1.0 (OpenSSL 1.1.1g 21 Apr 2020), cryptography 2.9.2, Platform Darwin-17.7.0-x86_64-i386-64bit
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.utils.log] DEBUG: Using reactor: twisted.internet.selectreactor.SelectReactor
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings:
{'DUPEFILTER_CLASS': 'scrapy.dupefilters.BaseDupeFilter',
'LOGSTATS_INTERVAL': 0}
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet Password: 32acb90e56ac4d67
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled extensions:
['scrapy.extensions.corestats.CoreStats',
'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole',
'scrapy.extensions.memusage.MemoryUsage']
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled downloader middlewares:
['scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.RedirectMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.cookies.CookiesMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware',
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.stats.DownloaderStats']
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled spider middlewares:
['scrapy.spidermiddlewares.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware',
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware',
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.referer.RefererMiddleware',
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware',
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.depth.DepthMiddleware']
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled item pipelines:
[]
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] INFO: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6024
2020-07-01 09:46:03 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened
2020-07-01 09:46:10 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (400) <GET https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes> (referer: None)
[s] Available Scrapy objects:
[s] scrapy scrapy module (contains scrapy.Request, scrapy.Selector, etc)
[s] crawler <scrapy.crawler.Crawler object at 0x10ba0a090>
[s] item {}
[s] request <GET https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes>
[s] response <400 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes>
[s] settings <scrapy.settings.Settings object at 0x10ba0a2d0>
[s] spider <DefaultSpider 'default' at 0x10bf4e210>
[s] Useful shortcuts:
[s] fetch(url[, redirect=True]) Fetch URL and update local objects (by default, redirects are followed)
[s] fetch(req) Fetch a scrapy.Request and update local objects
[s] shelp() Shell help (print this help)
[s] view(response) View response in a browser
将其添加到settings.py后
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.116 Safari/537.36'}
日志记录变成了
2020-07-01 11:43:37 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (404) <GET https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/robots.txt> (referer: None)
...
2020-07-01 11:43:37 [protego] DEBUG: Rule at line 19 without any user agent to enforce it on.
...
2020-07-01 11:43:38 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/wangzhenotes> (referer: None)
