以下是我想到的四种方法。
TL;DR:如果您期望很少(小于 1/1000)的重复项:
def contains_duplicates(X):
return len(np.unique(X)) != len(X)
如果您期望频繁(超过 1/1000)重复:
def contains_duplicates(X):
seen = set()
seen_add = seen.add
for x in X:
if (x in seen or seen_add(x)):
return True
return False
第一种方法是提前退出这个答案 https://stackoverflow.com/a/89250/3996580它想要返回唯一的值,其中第二个与应用于这个答案 https://stackoverflow.com/a/480227/3996580.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> X = np.random.normal(0,1,[10000])
>>> def terhorst_early_exit(X):
...: elems = set()
...: for i in X:
...: if i in elems:
...: return True
...: elems.add(i)
...: return False
>>> %timeit terhorst_early_exit(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 10.6 ms per loop
>>> def peterbe_early_exit(X):
...: seen = set()
...: seen_add = seen.add
...: for x in X:
...: if (x in seen or seen_add(x)):
...: return True
...: return False
>>> %timeit peterbe_early_exit(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 9.35 ms per loop
>>> %timeit len(set(X)) != len(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 4.54 ms per loop
>>> %timeit len(np.unique(X)) != len(X)
1000 loops, best of 3: 967 µs per loop
如果你从一个普通的 Python 列表开始,而不是一个numpy.ndarray
?
>>> X = X.tolist()
>>> %timeit terhorst_early_exit(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 9.34 ms per loop
>>> %timeit peterbe_early_exit(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 8.07 ms per loop
>>> %timeit len(set(X)) != len(X)
100 loops, best of 3: 3.09 ms per loop
>>> %timeit len(np.unique(X)) != len(X)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.83 ms per loop
编辑:如果我们事先期望重复项的数量怎么办?
上述比较是在以下假设下进行的:a)可能没有重复项,或者 b)我们更担心最坏的情况而不是平均情况。
>>> X = np.random.normal(0, 1, [10000])
>>> for n_duplicates in [1, 10, 100]:
>>> print("{} duplicates".format(n_duplicates))
>>> duplicate_idx = np.random.choice(len(X), n_duplicates, replace=False)
>>> X[duplicate_idx] = 0
>>> print("terhost_early_exit")
>>> %timeit terhorst_early_exit(X)
>>> print("peterbe_early_exit")
>>> %timeit peterbe_early_exit(X)
>>> print("set length")
>>> %timeit len(set(X)) != len(X)
>>> print("numpy unique length")
>>> %timeit len(np.unique(X)) != len(X)
1 duplicates
terhost_early_exit
100 loops, best of 3: 12.3 ms per loop
peterbe_early_exit
100 loops, best of 3: 9.55 ms per loop
set length
100 loops, best of 3: 4.71 ms per loop
numpy unique length
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.31 ms per loop
10 duplicates
terhost_early_exit
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.81 ms per loop
peterbe_early_exit
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.47 ms per loop
set length
100 loops, best of 3: 5.44 ms per loop
numpy unique length
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.37 ms per loop
100 duplicates
terhost_early_exit
10000 loops, best of 3: 111 µs per loop
peterbe_early_exit
10000 loops, best of 3: 99 µs per loop
set length
100 loops, best of 3: 5.16 ms per loop
numpy unique length
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 ms per loop
因此,如果您期望很少有重复项,numpy.unique
功能才是出路。随着预期重复次数的增加,早期退出方法占主导地位。