Android Studio：测试：使用 java 8 或更高版本编译的库依赖项

请帮忙。我在为 android studio 设置测试时经历了一段非常糟糕的时光。

我已经从 cucumber github 下载了计算器示例来练习 cumcumber 代码测试。https://github.com/cucumber/cucumber-jvm/tree/master/android（顺便说一句，其中一些品牌的名字非常奇怪）

我尝试将它与 Android studio 一起使用。该程序运行完美（耶！）。然而测试却没有。我有一个非常可怕的信息，每次我运行它时都会困扰我。

*To run dex in process, the Gradle daemon needs a larger heap.
It currently has approximately 910 MB.
For faster builds, increase the maximum heap size for the Gradle daemon to more than 2048 MB.
To do this set org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2048M in the project gradle.properties.
For more information see https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_environment.html
Error:Error converting bytecode to dex:
Cause: Dex cannot parse version 52 byte code.
This is caused by library dependencies that have been compiled using Java 8 or above.
If you are using the 'java' gradle plugin in a library submodule add 
targetCompatibility = '1.7'
sourceCompatibility = '1.7'
to that submodule's build.gradle file.
Error:1 error; aborting
:app:transformClassesWithDexForDebugAndroidTest FAILED
Error:Execution failed for task ':app:transformClassesWithDexForDebugAndroidTest'.
> com.android.build.api.transform.TransformException: java.lang.RuntimeException: com.android.ide.common.process.ProcessException: java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: com.android.ide.common.process.ProcessException: org.gradle.process.internal.ExecException: Process 'command 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_74\bin\java.exe'' finished with non-zero exit value 1*

我在目标兼容性和源兼容性方面遇到了麻烦（尚未完成其余部分）

这是 gradle 构建：如您所见，我已将兼容性更改为 1.7

    apply plugin: 'com.android.application'

android {
    compileSdkVersion 23
    buildToolsVersion "23.0.3"

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "boo.thefoodhunt"
        minSdkVersion 16
        targetSdkVersion 23
        versionCode 1
        versionName "1.0"

        testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }
    buildTypes {
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }
    sourceSets {
        debug {
            assets.srcDirs = ['src/debug/assets', 'src/androidTest/assets/']
            res.srcDirs = ['src/debug/res', 'src/androidTest/assets/features']
        }
        main { res.srcDirs = ['src/main/res', 'src/androidTest/assets'] }
    }
    dexOptions {
        incremental true
    }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_7
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_7
    }
}

dependencies {
    compile fileTree(include: ['*.jar'], dir: 'libs')
    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
    compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.3.0'

    //TESTING
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:testing-support-lib:0.1'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:23.3.0'

    //Espresso
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.5'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.5'

    //Cucumber
    androidTestCompile 'info.cukes:cucumber-android:1.2.4'
    androidTestCompile 'info.cukes:cucumber-picocontainer:1.2.4'
}

无法运行的测试：

 package boo.thefoodhunt;

import android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2;

import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

import static android.support.test.espresso.Espresso.onView;
import static android.support.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click;
import static android.support.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches;
import static android.support.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId;
import static android.support.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withText;

@CucumberOptions(features = "features")
public class CalculatorActivitySteps extends ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2<CalculatorActivity> {

    public CalculatorActivitySteps(SomeDependency dependency) {
        super(CalculatorActivity.class);
        assertNotNull(dependency);
    }

    @Given("^I have a CalculatorActivity$")
    public void I_have_a_CalculatorActivity() {
        assertNotNull(getActivity());
    }

    @When("^I press (\\d)$")
    public void I_press_d(final int d) {
        switch (d) {
            case 0:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_0)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 1:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_1)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 2:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_2)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 3:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_3)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 4:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_4)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 5:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_5)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 6:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_6)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 7:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_7)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 8:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_8)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 9:
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_d_9)).perform(click());
                break;
        }
    }

    @When("^I press ([+–x\\/=])$")
    public void I_press_op(final char op) {
        switch (op) {
            case '+':
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_op_add)).perform(click());
                break;
            case '–':
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_op_subtract)).perform(click());
                break;
            case 'x':
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_op_multiply)).perform(click());
                break;
            case '/':
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_op_divide)).perform(click());
                break;
            case '=':
                onView(withId(R.id.btn_op_equals)).perform(click());
                break;
        }
    }

    @Then("^I should see (\\S+) on the display$")
    public void I_should_see_s_on_the_display(final String s) {
        onView(withId(R.id.txt_calc_display)).check(matches(withText(s)));
    }
}

现在我已经尝试过这个：

在我的项目中使用 jar 时出错

和这个：是否可以使用Java 8进行Android开发？

和这个：Gradle源码兼容性对子项目没有影响

在项目 gradle 和应用程序 gradle 中。但我认为它只是进行测试......这些不会有帮助，它与依赖关系有关，为此我陷入了困境。任何人都可以帮忙吗！提前致谢

您有一个依赖项（不清楚是哪个），它是为 Java 8 编译的，并且您已在构建中指定了 Java 7。

错误信息This is caused by library dependencies that have been compiled using Java 8 or above.他们是这里的关键吗？

我的方法是将 Java 版本更改为 8。如果这不起作用，请减少问题。也就是说，从一个没有依赖项和代码的新项目开始，并添加非常小的部分，直到找到导致上述错误的原因。

也就是说，应用加仑定律：

“一个有效的复杂系统总是从一个有效的简单系统发展而来。一个从头开始设计的复杂系统永远不会有效，也无法通过修补来使其有效。你必须从一个有效的简单系统重新开始。——约翰高尔（1975，第 71 页）”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gall_%28author%29