NOTE:这个问题的主要目的是理解/解释CLR 的程序集绑定行为。一旦确定原因，解决方案就应该显而易见。请注意，我知道我的设置不是最佳的（nativedll 未签名和版本控制等），但我只是想调查 CLR 的绑定行为。
我正在尝试在我的 asp.net 解决方案中使用本机（非 COM、C++）dll。我将避免命名该 dll，因为我认为这将话题引向了错误的方向。
本机 dll 来自博客站点，并且没有太多信息。我没有任何有关本机 dll 的信息，例如编译它的体系结构、它的文化和版本等。使用提供的包装器，我可以在控制台应用程序中正确使用该 dll。它有效，即使我们必须使用部分程序集名称用于绑定。本机程序集的包装器具有 DLL 导入，例如
[DllImport("nativedll.dll")]
public static extern void someMethod([Out] BE_VERSION pbeVersion);
我已经阅读了大量有关 CLR 程序集绑定的信息，包括：
运行时如何定位程序集 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yx7xezcf(v=vs.100).aspx
程序集加载的最佳实践 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd153782.aspx
根据我的理解，我们应该能够加载程序集，但是没有。我收到程序集绑定错误。
SETUP
我的调用本机 dll 的帮助程序库（编译为 MSIL（任何 CPU））是强大的名字并且在 GAC 中。。我在 IIS 上的 Win 7 x64 位机器上运行我的 asp.net 应用程序，而不是 Visual Studio 开发服务器。本机 dll 未签名且未面对。
问题
总结是，当我将本机 dll 放在 windows 目录 (c:\Windows) 中时，解决方案工作正常。在任何其他情况下，我都会收到程序集绑定错误。
问题
- 我想知道为什么程序集放在 windows 目录中时会被绑定？
- 错误：ERR：从文件中提取清单导入时出错（hr = 0x80131018）是什么意思？ （看场景一、场景六）
- 为什么调用 Assembly.Load*() 方法失败？ （场景3、4、5）
我的测试结果
场景一：
**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Included in project; Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.
**Description:**
Logged into the site, home page open. Did not navigate to the page with native call.
**Result:**
Binding Error
*** Assembly Binder Log Entry (12/13/2012 @ 11:28:23 AM) ***
The operation failed.
Bind result: hr = 0x80131018. No description available.
Assembly manager loaded from: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
Running under executable C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
--- A detailed error log follows.
=== Pre-bind state information ===
LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
LOG: DisplayName = nativedll
(Partial)
WRN: Partial binding information was supplied for an assembly:
WRN: Assembly Name: nativedll | Domain ID: 2
WRN: A partial bind occurs when only part of the assembly display name is provided.
WRN: This might result in the binder loading an incorrect assembly.
WRN: It is recommended to provide a fully specified textual identity for the assembly,
WRN: that consists of the simple name, version, culture, and public key token.
WRN: See whitepaper http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=109270 for more information and common solutions to this issue.
LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/WebUI/
LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
LOG: Dynamic Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
LOG: Cache Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
LOG: AppName = ca4be085
Calling assembly : (Unknown).
===
LOG: This bind starts in default load context.
LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
LOG: Policy not being applied to reference at this time (private, custom, partial, or location-based assembly bind).
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
LOG: Entering download cache setup phase.
ERR: Error extracting manifest import from file (hr = 0x80131018).
ERR: Setup failed with hr = 0x80131018.
ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.
场景2：
**Setup**
Scenario 1 + Just copy the nativedll to C:\Windows folder. No reset of anytype.
**Description**
Navigate to the page calling native.
Result:
Success. Native Functionality is invoked. No binding failure.
场景3：
**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.
Description:
Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:
var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
var a = Assembly.LoadFrom(pat);
**Result**
Exception raised:
System.BadImageFormatException was unhandled
HResult=-2146234344
Message=Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll' or one of its dependencies. The module was expected to contain an assembly manifest.
Source=mscorlib
FileName=file:///C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
FusionLog=Assembly manager loaded from: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
Running under executable C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
--- A detailed error log follows.
=== Pre-bind state information ===
LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
LOG: Where-ref bind. Location = C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/WebUI/
LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
Calling assembly : (Unknown).
===
LOG: This bind starts in LoadFrom load context.
WRN: Native image will not be probed in LoadFrom context. Native image will only be probed in default load context, like with Assembly.Load().
LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.dll.
ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.
StackTrace:
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoadAssemblyName(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly reqAssembly, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoadFrom(String assemblyFile, Evidence securityEvidence, Byte[] hashValue, AssemblyHashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks, StackCrawlMark& stackMark)
at System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFrom(String assemblyFile)
InnerException:
场景四：
**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.
**Description**
Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:
var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
var a = Assembly.Load(pat);
**Result**
Exception raised:
System.IO.FileLoadException was unhandled
HResult=-2146234297
Message=Could not load file or assembly 'C:\\WebUI\\bin\\nativedll.dll' or one of its dependencies. The given assembly name or codebase was invalid. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131047)
Source=mscorlib
FileName=C:\\WebUI\\bin\\nativedll.dll
FusionLog=""
StackTrace:
at System.Reflection.AssemblyName.nInit(RuntimeAssembly& assembly, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean raiseResolveEvent)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.CreateAssemblyName(String assemblyString, Boolean forIntrospection, RuntimeAssembly& assemblyFromResolveEvent)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean forIntrospection)
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection)
at System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString)
InnerException:
场景5：
**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.
**Description: **
Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:
var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
var a = Assembly.LoadFile(pat);
**Result**
Exception raised:
System.BadImageFormatException was unhandled
HResult=-2146234344
Message=The module was expected to contain an assembly manifest. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131018)
Source=mscorlib
StackTrace:
at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.nLoadFile(String path, Evidence evidence)
at System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFile(String path)
InnerException:
场景六：
**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Excluded from project. Manually copied into the bin folder prior to execution.
**Description: **
Logged into the site, home page open. Did not navigate to the page with native call.
**Result**
Binding Error: (Output: Assembly Binding Log Viewer)
Assembly Binder Log Entry (12/13/2012 @ 2:19:13 PM)
The operation failed.
Bind result: hr = 0x80131018. No description available.
Assembly manager loaded from: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
Running under executable C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
--- A detailed error log follows.
=== Pre-bind state information ===
LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
LOG: DisplayName = nativedll
(Partial)
WRN: Partial binding information was supplied for an assembly:
WRN: Assembly Name: nativedll | Domain ID: 2
WRN: A partial bind occurs when only part of the assembly display name is provided.
WRN: This might result in the binder loading an incorrect assembly.
WRN: It is recommended to provide a fully specified textual identity for the assembly,
WRN: that consists of the simple name, version, culture, and public key token.
WRN: See whitepaper http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=109270 for more information and common solutions to this issue.
LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/Web/WebUI/
LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
LOG: Dynamic Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
LOG: Cache Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
LOG: AppName = ca4be085
Calling assembly : (Unknown).
===
LOG: This bind starts in default load context.
LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
LOG: Policy not being applied to reference at this time (private, custom, partial, or location-based assembly bind).
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.DLL.
LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
LOG: Entering download cache setup phase.
ERR: Error extracting manifest import from file (hr = 0x80131018).
ERR: Setup failed with hr = 0x80131018.
ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.
场景七：
**Setup**
Scenario 6 + Just copy the nativedll to C:\Windows folder. No reset of anytype.
**Description**
Navigate to the page calling native.
Result:
Success. Native Functionality is invoked. No binding failure.
