如何在 Verilog 中推断 Block RAM

我在一个项目中遇到了一个非常具体的问题，这个问题已经困扰我好几天了。我有以下 RAM 模块的 Verilog 代码：

module RAM_param(clk, addr, read_write, clear, data_in, data_out);
    parameter n = 4;
    parameter w = 8;

    input clk, read_write, clear;
    input [n-1:0] addr;
    input [w-1:0] data_in;
    output reg [w-1:0] data_out;

    reg [w-1:0] reg_array [2**n-1:0];

    integer i;
    initial begin
        for( i = 0; i < 2**n; i = i + 1 ) begin
            reg_array[i] <= 0;
        end
    end

    always @(negedge(clk)) begin
        if( read_write == 1 )
            reg_array[addr] <= data_in;
        if( clear == 1 ) begin
            for( i = 0; i < 2**n; i = i + 1 ) begin
                reg_array[i] <= 0;
            end
        end
        data_out = reg_array[addr];
    end
endmodule

它的行为完全符合预期，但是当我去合成时，我得到以下结果：

Synthesizing Unit <RAM_param_1>.
    Related source file is "C:\Users\stevendesu\---\RAM_param.v".
        n = 11
        w = 16
    Found 32768-bit register for signal <n2059[32767:0]>.
    Found 16-bit 2048-to-1 multiplexer for signal <data_out> created at line 19.
    Summary:
    inferred 32768 D-type flip-flop(s).
    inferred 2049 Multiplexer(s).
Unit <RAM_param_1> synthesized.

32768人字拖！为什么它不直接推断出块 RAM？这个 RAM 模块非常巨大（我有两个 - 一个用于指令存储器，一个用于数据存储器），以至于它消耗了 FPGA 的整个可用区域...乘以 2.4

我一直在尽一切努力迫使它推断出块 RAM 而不是 33k 触发器，但除非我能尽快弄清楚，否则我可能必须大大减少内存大小才能适应芯片。

我只是删除了你的代码，结果是这样的：

 module RAM_param(clk, addr, read_write, clear, data_in, data_out);
parameter n = 4;
parameter w = 8;

input clk, read_write, clear;
input [n-1:0] addr;
input [w-1:0] data_in;
output reg [w-1:0] data_out;

// Start module here!
reg [w-1:0] reg_array [2**n-1:0];

integer i;
initial begin
    for( i = 0; i < 2**n; i = i + 1 ) begin
        reg_array[i] <= 0;
    end
end

always @(negedge(clk)) begin
    if( read_write == 1 )
        reg_array[addr] <= data_in;
    //if( clear == 1 ) begin
        //for( i = 0; i < 2**n; i = i + 1 ) begin
            //reg_array[i] <= 0;
        //end
    //end
    data_out = reg_array[addr];
end
endmodule  

初始化全零可能不需要代码，如果你想初始化，只需这样做：

initial
begin
    $readmemb("data.dat", mem);
end

然后是我从 ISE 13.1 得到的结果

Synthesizing (advanced) Unit <RAM_param>.
INFO:Xst:3231 - The small RAM <Mram_reg_array> will be implemented on LUTs in order to maximize performance and save block RAM resources. If you want to force its implementation on block, use option/constraint ram_style.

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | ram_type           | Distributed                         |          |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Port A                                                              |
    |     aspect ratio   | 16-word x 8-bit                     |          |
    |     clkA           | connected to signal <clk>           | fall     |
    |     weA            | connected to signal <read_write>    | high     |
    |     addrA          | connected to signal <addr>          |          |
    |     diA            | connected to signal <data_in>       |          |
    |     doA            | connected to internal node          |         

此处更新！：强烈感谢 mcleod_ideafix抱歉忘记了你的问题：它是块 RAM，不是分布式的。对于块 RAM，您必须强制它：综合 - XST -> 进程属性 -> HDL 选项 -> RAM 样式 -> 从自动更改为块。结果将是这样的：

Synthesizing (advanced) Unit <RAM_param>.
INFO:Xst:3226 - The RAM <Mram_reg_array> will be implemented as a BLOCK RAM, absorbing the following register(s): <data_out>
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | ram_type           | Block                               |          |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Port A                                                              |
    |     aspect ratio   | 16-word x 8-bit                     |          |
    |     mode           | read-first                          |          |
    |     clkA           | connected to signal <clk>           | fall     |
    |     weA            | connected to signal <read_write>    | high     |
    |     addrA          | connected to signal <addr>          |          |
    |     diA            | connected to signal <data_in>       |          |
    |     doA            | connected to signal <data_out>      |          |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | optimization       | speed                               |          |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit <RAM_param> synthesized (advanced).

更新结束

我建议您阅读 xst 用户指南以获取 RAM 示例代码和器件数据表。例如，在某些FPGA LUT RAM中：复位信号无效。如果您尝试重置它，则必须集成更多要重置的逻辑模块。它导致 D-FF 而不是 RAM。复位信号将自动分配给系统复位。

对于 Block RAM（不是 LUT RAM），我更喜欢特定的深度/数据宽度或核心生成或直接从库中调用它。 更多通用源代码（ASIC/FPGA）可以在这里找到：http://asic-world.com/examples/verilog/ram_dp_sr_sw.html http://asic-world.com/examples/verilog/ram_dp_sr_sw.html