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Linux下的ip命令

2023-05-16

前言

linux的ip命令和ifconfig类似，但前者功能更强大，并旨在取代后者。

功能介绍

1、查看ip地址

	[root@localhost ~]# ip addr
	1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
	2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:45:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
	   inet 192.168.10.220/24 brd 192.168.10.255 scope global dynamic eno16777736  #eno16777736 是网卡名称
       valid_lft 6701sec preferred_lft 6701sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed9:4556/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2、设置和删除Ip地址

2.1、设置一个IP地址为 192.168.10.111
[root@localhost ~]# sudo ip addr add 192.168.10.111/24 dev eno16777736

注：IP地址要有一个后缀，比如/24。这种用法用于在无类域内路由选择（CIDR）中来显示所用的子网掩码。在这个例子中，子网掩码是255.255.255.0

2.2、查看地址是否生效
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eno16777736
2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:45:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.10.220/24 brd 192.168.10.255 scope global dynamic eno16777736
   valid_lft 5359sec preferred_lft 5359sec
inet 192.168.10.111/24 scope global secondary eno16777736			#可以看到设置的地址生效了
   valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed9:4556/64 scope link 
   valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2.3、删除Ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# sudo ip addr del 192.168.10.111/24 dev eno16777736
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eno16777736
2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:45:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.10.220/24 brd 192.168.10.255 scope global dynamic eno16777736
   valid_lft 4998sec preferred_lft 4998sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed9:4556/64 scope link 
   valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

3、路由

3.1、列出路由表条目
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
default via 192.168.10.1 dev eno16777736 proto static metric 100  #默认的路由条目，你可以随意改动它。
192.168.10.0/24 dev eno16777736 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.220 metric 100
3.2、查看ip对应的路由包
[root@localhost ~]# ip route get 192.168.10.220
local 192.168.10.220 dev lo src 192.168.10.220 
cache <local>
3.3、更改默认路由
[root@localhost ~]# sudo ip route add default via 192.168.10.3
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
default via 192.168.10.3 dev eno16777736 
default via 192.168.10.1 dev eno16777736 proto static metric 100 
192.168.10.0/24 dev eno16777736 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.220 metric 100

4、显示网络统计数据

4.1、显示不同网络接口的统计数据
[root@localhost ~]# ip -s link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
37238      652      0       0       0       0       
TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
37238      652      0       0       0       0       
2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:45:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
1418487    15704    0       0       0       0       
TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
87284      741      0       0       0       0
4.2、获取一个特定网络接口的信息（在排除网络连接故障时，这会非常有用）
[root@localhost ~]# ip -s -s link ls eno16777736
2: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d9:45:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
1511519    16680    0       0       0       0       
RX errors: length   crc     frame   fifo    missed
           0        0       0       0       0       
TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
92184      784      0       0       0       0       
TX errors: aborted  fifo   window heartbeat transns
           0        0       0       0       2

5、ARP条目 
[root@localhost ~]# ip neighbour
192.168.10.192 dev eno16777736 lladdr f4:f5:db:cb:45:9f STALE
192.168.10.1 dev eno16777736 lladdr 34:96:72:91:90:76 STALE
192.168.10.124 dev eno16777736 lladdr 98:29:a6:06:22:58 STALE
192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a DELAY
192.168.10.140 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:ec:0a:dd:e7:a1 STALE

注：ARP(地址解析协议)用于将一个IP地址转换成它对应的物理地址，也就是通常所说的MAC地址

6、监控netlink消息 
[root@localhost ~]# ip monitor all
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a STALE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a STALE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a REACHABLE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a STALE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a REACHABLE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a STALE
[nsid current]192.168.10.68 dev eno16777736 lladdr 00:e0:70:65:61:8a REACHABLE

7、激活和停止网络接口 
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
default via 192.168.10.1 dev eno16777736 proto static metric 100 
192.168.10.0/24 dev eno16777736 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.220 metric 100 
[root@localhost ~]# sudo ip link set eno16777736 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@localhost ~]# sudo ip link set eno16777736 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
default via 192.168.10.1 dev eno16777736 proto static metric 100 
192.168.10.0/24 dev eno16777736 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.220 metric 100

8、获取帮助 
[root@localhost ~]# ip route help

结束语

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