我在使用 GDB 调试 QEMU 中运行的简单程序时遇到问题。 GDB似乎无法找到我在程序中的位置（因为它总是显示??作为我当前的位置），并且它永远不会达到我设置的任何断点。
在一个终端中，我运行 QEMU：
$ cat add.c
int main() {
int x = 9;
int v = 1;
while (1) {
int q = x + v;
}
return 0;
}
$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc add.c -g
$ qemu-system-riscv64 -gdb tcp::1234 -drive file=a.out,format=raw
在另一个终端中，我运行 GDB：
$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb a.out
GNU gdb (GDB) 8.2.90.20190228-git
Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-apple-darwin17.7.0 --target=riscv64-unknown-elf".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from a.out...
(gdb) target remote :1234
Remote debugging using :1234
0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
(gdb) list
1 int main() {
2 int x = 9;
3 int v = 1;
4 while (1) {
5 int q = x + v;
6 }
7 return 0;
8 }
(gdb) b main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x1018e: file add.c, line 2.
(gdb) b 5
Breakpoint 2 at 0x1019a: file add.c, line 5.
(gdb) b _start
Breakpoint 3 at 0x10114
(gdb) b 4
Breakpoint 4 at 0x101a8: file add.c, line 4.
(gdb) c
Continuing.
尽管程序应该无限循环，但我从未遇到过断点。它的显示似乎很奇怪0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()......但也许没关系？
我在这里做错了什么？我怎样才能逐步完成这个程序？
我认为您缺少链接器脚本和一些启动代码 - 免责声明：我是 riscv 的新手。
您会在 Internet 上找到有关这两个主题的大量信息，但您基本上需要指定程序在 RAM 中的位置，以建立堆栈并初始化帧指针：
如果您希望能够在程序中调用函数并声明自动 C 变量（例如 a、b、c），则这是必需的。
我用的是Windows工具链出于本示例的目的，来自 Kendryte（Linux 版本可用here），并检索到 Windows 版本的 qemuhere.
1) 链接描述文件：该示例使用 riscv64-unknown-elf-ld 使用的默认链接描述文件的稍微修改的示例：
riscv64-unknown-elf-ld --verbose > riscv64-virt.ld
编辑 riscv64-virt.ld，并仅保留以下分隔的行：
==================================================
添加qemu-system-riscv64虚拟机内存布局的描述：
OUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)
MEMORY
{
/* qemu-system-risc64 virt machine */
RAM (rwx) : ORIGIN = 0x80000000, LENGTH = 128M
}
ENTRY(_start)
Use ORIGIN(RAM) and LENGTH(RAM)而不是硬编码值，并提供__stack_top symbol:
PROVIDE (__executable_start = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", ORIGIN(RAM))); . = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", ORIGIN(RAM)) + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
PROVIDE(__stack_top = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM));
顺便说一句，有多种方法可以了解 qemu 系统目标机的内存布局，但我通常查看其设备树文件：
qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -machine dumpdtb=riscv64-virt.dtb
dtc -I dtb -O dts -o riscv-virt.dts riscv-virt.dtb
描述内存的部分告诉我们它从 0x80000000 开始：
memory@80000000 {
device_type = "memory";
reg = <0x0 0x80000000 0x0 0x8000000>;
};
riscv64-virt.ld：
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/* Copyright (C) 2014-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copying and distribution of this script, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. */
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf64-littleriscv", "elf64-littleriscv",
"elf64-littleriscv")
OUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)
MEMORY
{
/* qemu-system-risc64 virt machine */
RAM (rwx) : ORIGIN = 0x80000000, LENGTH = 128M
}
ENTRY(_start)
SECTIONS
{
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2）startup.s：（学分：here and here).
.section .init, "ax"
.global _start
_start:
.cfi_startproc
.cfi_undefined ra
.option push
.option norelax
la gp, __global_pointer$
.option pop
la sp, __stack_top
add s0, sp, zero
jal zero, main
.cfi_endproc
.end
add.c：（您的代码）
int main() {
int a = 4;
int b = 12;
while (1) {
int c = a + b;
}
return 0;
}
3) 编译/链接，并创建列表：
riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc -g -ffreestanding -O0 -Wl,--gc-sections -nostartfiles -nostdlib -nodefaultlibs -Wl,-T,riscv64-virt.ld -o add.elf startup.s add.c
riscv64-unknown-elf-objdump -D add.elf > add.objdump
4）在控制台中启动qemu：
qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -m 128M -gdb tcp::1234,ipv4 -kernel add.elf
我不确定您使用的 qemu 选项：-drive file=a.out,format=raw是正确的，我认为它们不是，但我没有花时间检查，并使用了我通常使用的选项：-kernel add.elf
4）在另一个控制台中启动gdb（为了方便起见，我在这里使用了我用TUI支持mingw64编译的GDB）。
riscv64-elf-gdb --tui add.elf
(gdb) target remote localhost:1234
Remote debugging using localhost:1234
main () at add.c:5
(gdb) p a
$1 = 4
(gdb) p b
$2 = 12
(gdb) p c
$3 = 16
(gdb)
这可能有点长，但我希望这会有所帮助。 请注意，启动代码对于您的代码来说已经足够好了，但是缺少一些重要的初始化，例如将数据部分从闪存复制到 RAM（此处不相关），以及清除 .bss 部分。