postgres 上慢速选择不同查询

我在一个基本上收集日志信息的表上经常执行以下两个查询。两者都从大量行中选择不同的值，但其中的不同值少于 10 个。

我分析了该页面完成的两个“不同”查询：

marchena=> explain select distinct auditrecor0_.bundle_id as col_0_0_ from audit_records auditrecor0_;
                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HashAggregate  (cost=1070734.05..1070734.11 rows=6 width=21)
   ->  Seq Scan on audit_records auditrecor0_  (cost=0.00..1023050.24 rows=19073524 width=21)
(2 rows)

marchena=> explain select distinct auditrecor0_.server_name as col_0_0_ from audit_records auditrecor0_;
                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HashAggregate  (cost=1070735.34..1070735.39 rows=5 width=13)
   ->  Seq Scan on audit_records auditrecor0_  (cost=0.00..1023051.47 rows=19073547 width=13)
(2 rows)

两者都对列进行顺序扫描。但是，如果我关闭enable_seqscan（尽管名称如此，这只会禁用对具有索引的列进行序列扫描），则查询将使用索引，但速度会更慢：

marchena=> set enable_seqscan = off;
SET
marchena=> explain select distinct auditrecor0_.bundle_id as col_0_0_ from audit_records auditrecor0_;
                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Unique  (cost=0.00..19613740.62 rows=6 width=21)
   ->  Index Scan using audit_bundle_idx on audit_records auditrecor0_  (cost=0.00..19566056.69 rows=19073570 width=21)
(2 rows)

marchena=> explain select distinct auditrecor0_.server_name as col_0_0_ from audit_records auditrecor0_;
                                                       QUERY PLAN                                                       
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Unique  (cost=0.00..45851449.96 rows=5 width=13)
   ->  Index Scan using audit_server_idx on audit_records auditrecor0_  (cost=0.00..45803766.04 rows=19073570 width=13)
(2 rows)

bundle_id 和 server_name 列都有 btree 索引，我是否应该使用不同类型的索引来快速选择不同的值？

BEGIN; 
CREATE TABLE dist ( x INTEGER NOT NULL ); 
INSERT INTO dist SELECT random()*50 FROM generate_series( 1, 5000000 ); 
COMMIT;
CREATE INDEX dist_x ON dist(x);


VACUUM ANALYZE dist;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT DISTINCT x FROM dist;

HashAggregate  (cost=84624.00..84624.51 rows=51 width=4) (actual time=1840.141..1840.153 rows=51 loops=1)
   ->  Seq Scan on dist  (cost=0.00..72124.00 rows=5000000 width=4) (actual time=0.003..573.819 rows=5000000 loops=1)
 Total runtime: 1848.060 ms

PG（还）不能使用不同的索引（跳过相同的值），但你可以这样做：

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION distinct_skip_foo()
RETURNS SETOF INTEGER
LANGUAGE plpgsql STABLE 
AS $$
DECLARE
    _x  INTEGER;
BEGIN
    _x := min(x) FROM dist;
    WHILE _x IS NOT NULL LOOP
        RETURN NEXT _x;
        _x := min(x) FROM dist WHERE x > _x;
    END LOOP;
END;
$$ ;

EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM distinct_skip_foo();
Function Scan on distinct_skip_foo  (cost=0.00..260.00 rows=1000 width=4) (actual time=1.629..1.635 rows=51 loops=1)
 Total runtime: 1.652 ms